Harvard citations

When the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets.

Example:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones 2011).

If you have already named the author in the text, only the year needs to be included in brackets.

Example:
Jones (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.

You should also include page numbers if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.

If a source has two or three authors all names should be given.

When the authors' names are not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the authors' surnames and the date of publication in brackets.

Example:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones and Baker 2011).

It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, Baker and Smith 2011).

If you have already named the authors in the text, only the year needs to be included in brackets.

Example:
Jones and Baker (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.

Jones, Baker and Smith (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.

You should also include page numbers if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.

How to reference this

If a source has more than three authors it is usual for the name of the first author to be given followed by the phrase "et al." (meaning "and others"). You should always check your departmental guidelines before using "et al." in your reference list as they may want you to list all the authors or prefer "et al." to only be used with a different number of authors.

When the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the author surname and the date of publication in brackets.

Example:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones et al. 2011).

If you have already named the author in the text, only the year needs to be included in brackets.

Example:
Jones et al. (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.

You should also include page numbers if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.

How to reference this

If you need to refer to two or more sources at the same time, these can be listed, separated by semicolons (;). The sources should be ordered by year of publication with the most recent first.

Example:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Roberts 2005; Smith et al. 1998).

If more than one item is published in the same year, they should be listed alphabetically by author surname.

Example:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Salmon 2001; Andrews et al. 1998; Jones and Baker 1998).

You should also include page numbers if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.

If two or more sources have the same author(s) and are from the same year, they should be distinguished by adding a lower-case letter after the year (a, b, c, etc).

Example:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones 1998a). In a work published later that year Jones (1998b) proposed that...

If you want to make a single reference to multiple sources from the same year by the same author, you can refer to the sources together using the lower-case letters.

Example:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones 1998a; Jones 1998b).

You should also include page numbers if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.

You should always try to track down the original work, but if this is not possible and you must quote the ideas of one author which you have found in the work of another, your in-text citation must include the author of the idea you are using, and the source you have found it in.

Example:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones 1998, cited in Carol 2001 p.9).

In your reference list or bibliography you should only give the details of the source that you found it in.

You should include page numbers when you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc from a source.

Example:
"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones 1998 p.24).

If you need to use a direct quotation from an e-book that does not have page numbers, we recommend using the chapter number in your in-text citation instead.

Example:
"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones 1998 chapter 1).

When referencing a single page you should use p.; for a range of pages use pp.

Example:
p.7 or pp.20-29.

Use the author of the chapter in your citation, then give the full reference to the chapter in your bibliography (again, under the author of the chapter' name).

Example:
In-text citation:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones 1998).

Bibliography:
JONES, M. 1998. Citations in the text. In: T. SMITH, ed. Citing and Referencing. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, pp.15-27.

Example edited book chapter reference

Cite sources from an e-book reader in exactly the same way as any other source, usually by the author's surname and year of publication.

If you need to use a direct quotation from an e-book that does not have page numbers, we recommend using the chapter number in your in-text citation instead.

Example
"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones 1998 chapter 1).

In your bibliography you need to indicate in your reference that you were using an e-book formatted for a particular e-reader.

Example ebook reference

When citing material found on a website, you should cite it like any other source, usually the author surname in brackets and the date. Do not include the URL of the website in your citation.

You may find that there is not always a personal author. In this case you should identify the corporate author.

The publication date of websites can often be found at the bottom of a webpage.

Example website reference

You should provide an in-text citation for any photographs, images, tables, diagrams, graphs, figures or illustrations that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work. The citation would normally be given after the title of the figure, table, diagram, etc.

Example:
Figure 1, A four pointed star (Jones 2008 p.54).

A reference within the text to a table, graph, diagram, etc. taken from a source should include the author, date and page number to enable the reader to identify the data.

Example:
(Jones 2008 p.33)

If the source of the data is not the author's own, but obtained from another source, it becomes a secondary reference and needs to be cited as such.

Example:
(United Nations 1975, cited in Smith 2005 p.33)

If you use a table/graph, etc from a source and then adapt it to use in your own assignment, you must make that clear in your reference.

We would suggest:
Figure 1, Title, based on Smith 2005 p.22.

If you refer to a film, video or broadcast you should cite the title and the date.

When the title is not mentioned in the text the citation consists of the title and the date in brackets:

Example:
The way the characters interact reveals... (The Godfather 1972)

If you have already named the title in the text, only the year needs to be included in brackets.

Example:
The way the characters interact in The Godfather (1972) reveals...

Example reference for film or video

Example references for television or radio broadcast