Harvard references

See Journal article.

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of blog entry. Date blog entry written. Title of blog [online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

BROTHERTON LIBRARY. 2009. Leeds Read 2009. 17 February. Brotherton blog [online]. [Accessed 28 February 2009]. Available from: http://brothertonblog.blogspot.com/

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (for first author). Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

ADAMS, A.D. 1906. Electric transmission of water power. New York: McGraw.

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (for first author), INITIAL(S) FAMILY NAME (for other authors). Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

KANE, M. and W. TROCHIM. 2007. Concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

MURTY, M.N., A.J. JAMES. AND S. MISRA. 2000. Economics of water pollution: the Indian experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (for first author), et al (in place of other authors). Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

HAWKE, N. et al. 2006. Pollution control: the powers and duties of local authorities. Kent: Shaw Sons.

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). ed. Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

CRANDELL, K.A. ed. 1999. The evolution of HIV. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

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See Chapter in an edited book.

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title [online]. Place of publication: Publisher. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

HOLLENSEN, S. 2004. Global marketing: a decision oriented approach [online]. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. [Accessed 18 February 2009]. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.com/Browse/open.asp?ID=60094

See also Book (e-book reader format, eg Kindle).

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (for first author), INITIAL(S) FAMILY NAME (for other authors). Year. Title [ebook reader]. Where you downloaded the e-book from.

SHEA, D. and M.E. HOLZSCHLAG. 2005. The zen of css design: visual enlightenment for the web [Kindle DX ebook]. Safari Tech Books.

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For print statistics see Book.
For electronic statistics see Website.

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Chapter title. In: INITIAL(S) FAMILY NAME OF EDITOR(S), ed(s). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.

COFFIN, J.M. 1999. Molecular biology of HIV. In: K.A. CRANDELL, ed. The evolution of HIV. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, pp.3-40.

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Title. Year. [CD-ROM]. Place of publication: Publisher.

Who's who 1897-1998. 1998. [CD-ROM]. London: Oxford University Press.

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GREAT BRITAIN. Department/Committee. Year. Title. (Command no). Place of publication: Publisher.

GREAT BRITAIN. Criminal Law Revision Committee. 1984. Fifteenth report: sexual offences. (Cmnd 9213). London: HMSO.

NB Check what abbreviation is required for Command, as this is different for different historical periods.

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (for first author), INITIAL(S) FAMILY NAME (for other authors). Year. Title of paper. In: Editor(s) of conference proceedings if known. Title of conference, date of conference, location of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, page number(s).

ROBERTSON, J. 1986. The economics of local recovery. In: The other economic summit, 17/18 April 1986, Tokyo. London: The Other Economic Summit, pp.5-10.

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Conference presentation

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (of the presenter). Year. Title of the presentation. Title of conference, date of conference, location of conference.

ROBERTSON, J. 1986. The economics of local recovery. The other economic summit, 17/18 April 1986, Tokyo.

Slides from a conference presentation

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (of the presenter). Year. Title of the presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Title of conference, date of conference, location of conference.

ROBERTSON, J. 1986. The economics of local recovery [PowerPoint presentation]. The other economic summit, 17/18 April 1986, Tokyo.

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US HOUSE. Committee. Year. Title. Hearing, date. Place of Publication: Publisher.

US HOUSE. Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities. 1995. Child care and child welfare. Hearing, 3 February. Washington: Government Printing Office.

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See Personal communication.

 

CHOREOGRAPHER. Première date. Title. [Date seen and where].

ASHTON, F. 1940. Dante sonata, The Royal Ballet. [Performance viewed 10 July 2004, Lincoln Centre, New York].

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DIRECTOR/PRODUCER. Year published or first transmission. Title of video or programme [type of medium eg video], Production company or Publisher [further details to identify dance works].

LOCKYER, B. dir. 1979. Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet [video for television transmission], BBC TV in association with R.M. Productions Munich [Les Patineurs, Ashton; Pineapple Poll, Cranko].

How to cite this

See Major reference work.

See Film or video.

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of message. Date added. Discussion group title [online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

STUBBINGS, R. 2005. Diagnostic tests. August. Lis-infoliteracy [online]. [Accessed 18 May 2009]. Available from: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk

How to cite this

See Book (electronic).

See Journal article (electronic).

See Personal communication.

See Major reference work.

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal title, Volume(issue number), page numbers. Prefix. Eprint number.

KLEINBLOCK, D. and G. MARGULIS. 1998. Flows of homogenous spaces and Diophantine approximation on manifolds. Annals of Mathematics, 148(2), pp.339-360. ArXiv:math.NT/9810036.

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Title, COM (last 2 digits of the year)serial number, final.

Proposal for a Council directive establishing a European Guarantee Fund to promote cinema and television production, COM (95)546, final.

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INSTITUTIONAL NAME (eg European Commission or European Council) Form (Regulation, Directive or Decision) Number (including the year enacted, number and name of the treaty) date passed on title of legislation.

EUROPEAN COUNCIL Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption.

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Title. Year. Material designation. Subsidiary originator (director is preferred). Place of production: Production Company.

Chicken run. 2000. Animated film. Directed by Peter LORD and Nick PARK. Bristol: Aardman.

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Reference the exact text used, in the same style as you would reference English language material.
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

FOUCAULT, M. 1971. L'archéologie du savoir. Paris: NRF/Gallimard.

When referencing foreign language material where the information is written using another alphabet such as Japanese you should transliterate (not translate) the details into the English alphabet.

Example:
鷲田清一. 2007. 京都の平熱: 哲学者の都市案内. 東京: 講談社

WASHIDA, K. 2007 Kyōto no heinetsu : tetsugakusha no toshi annai. Tōkyō: Kōdansha.

See also: Translated material

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GOOGLE EARTH version (if applicable). Year data released. Image details - location, co-ordinates, elevation. Data set (if applicable). [Date accessed]. Available from: URL.

GOOGLE EARTH 5.0. 2009. Leeds University 53°48'28.60"N, 1°33'11.95"W, elev 63km. Clouds data layer. [Accessed 9 February 2009]. Available from: http://code.google.com/apis/earth/

NB All uses of Google Earth require copyright attribution.

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GREAT BRITAIN. Office, Department. Year. Title. Circular distributed: date. Place: Office.

GREAT BRITAIN. Home Office, Lord Chancellor's Department and Department of Health. 1993. Child witness pack. Circular distributed 10 May. London: Home Office.

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HANSARD (House). Date, column numbers.

HANSARD (Commons). 27 November 1986, columns 506-7.

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ORIGINATOR. Year. Title. Material type. At: Place: holding institution, department (if applicable). Identifier (if applicable).

GOSSE, S. 1912. The garden, Rowlandson House. Etching and aquatint. At: London: British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings. Register number 1915-27-41.

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ORIGINATOR. Year. Title of image [online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

NEWRY INSTITUTE. 2002. Current student [online]. [Accessed 4th December 2002]. Available from: http://www.nkifhe.ac.uk/

How to cite this

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Interview with [name of interviewer]. Date. Place.

THOMPSON, D. 2008. Interview with J. Smith. 4 August. Leeds.

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (for first author), INITIAL(S) FAMILY NAME (for other authors). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. Volume(issue number), page numbers.

PAJUNEN, K. 2008. Institutions and inflows of foreign direct investment: a fuzzy-set analysis. Journal of International Business Studies. 39(4), pp.652-669.

NB Use p. to reference a single page, and pp. if it is a range of pages.

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It is possible that the online version of an article may differ slightly from the version published in print. Therefore the fact that you accessed an online version and the date you accessed it are vital. Use information from the website and the article:

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (for first author), INITIAL(S) FAMILY NAME (for other authors). Year. Title of article. Journal Title [online]. Volume(issue number), [Date accessed], page numbers. Available from: URL

ROYALL, C.P., B.L.THIEL, and A.M. DONALD. 2001. Radiation damage of water in environmental scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy [online]. 204(3), [Accessed 17 March 2009], pp.185-195. Available from : http://0-www3.interscience.wiley.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/

See also: Common issues - long URLs

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Law reports do not form part of the Harvard system of citations; the examples below are accepted ways of referencing law reports.

If the year is crucial to identify the report, enclose it in square brackets, eg
Parties in the case [Year] Abbreviation of law report Page.

Jones v. Smith [1934] All ER 123.

If the law report has a volume number, and so the year is not crucial to find the case, enclose it in round brackets, eg
Parties in the case (Year) volume number Abbreviation of law report Page.

R. v. Williams (1992) 2 WLR 32.

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Lecture

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (of the lecturer). Year. Lecture title, MODULE CODE (capitalised) title of module. Teaching organisation, date.

VOLTMER, K. 2006. Politicians and the press: models of interaction, COMM5610 Politics and the Media. University of Leeds, 17 April.

Lecture handouts

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Lecture title, lecture notes distributed in MODULE CODE (capitalised) title of module. Teaching organisation, date.

VOLTMER, K. 2006. Politicians and the press: models of interaction, lecture notes distributed in COMM5610 Politics and the Media. University of Leeds, 17 April.

Module materials accessed in the VLE

FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S) (of the lecturer). Year. Title [Format accessed through the VLE e.g PowerPoint presentation]. MODULE CODE (capitalised) title of module. Teaching organisation, date.

VOLTMER, K. 2006. Politicians and the press: models of interaction [PowerPoint slides accessed through the VLE]. COMM5610 Politics and the Media. University of Leeds, 17 April.

How to cite this

See Personal communication.

See Journal article.

Editor and publisher of a well-known reference work can be omitted, but cite the page numbers consulted:
Title. Year. s.v. Section heading, page number of your quotation.

New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2005. s.v. Microradiography, 15th ed. p.1374.

NB s.v. stands for sub verbo, this means 'look under' and directs the reader to find it under another heading, in this case the section.

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title [material type]. At: Place: holding institution, department (if applicable). Identifier (if applicable).

COLVIL, S. c.1680. The mock poem, I-II [manuscript]. At: Leeds: Leeds University Library, Brotherton Collection. MS Lt 1.

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ORIGINATOR'S SURNAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title, scale. Place of publication: Publisher.

MASON, J. 1832. Map of the countries lying between Spain and India, 1:8,000,000. London: Ordnance Survey.

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ORIGINATOR(S). Year. Image details - location (format if available), scale if available [online]. [Accessed]. Available from: URL

GOOGLE MAPS. 2009. Leeds University (satellite) [online]. [Accessed 16 November]. Available from: http://tinyurl.com/ylx3zwy

ORDNANCE SURVEY. 2009. Leeds University, 1:125,000 [online]. [Accessed 16 November]. Available from: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title [Medium]. Available: Title of microform collection: reel number/fiche number.

ADSON, J. 1621. Courtly masquing ayres, composed to 5. and 6. parts, for violins, consorts, and cornets [Microfilm]. Available: Early English books, 1475-1640: 906:1.

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MINTEL. Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

MINTEL. 2009. Department store retailing: Mintel marketing report. London: Mintel International Group.

How to cite this

See Book.

ORIGINATOR. Year. Title. Subsidiary originator. Place of publication: Publisher.

BRITTEN, B. 1980. Eight folk songs arrangements for high voice and harp. Osain ELLIS, ed. London: Faber Music.

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Newspaper title. Date, page number of your quotation.

WEBSTER, B. 2006. New speed camera puts more drivers in the frame. Times, 24 May, p.1.

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Newspaper title [online]. Date [Date accessed], page number(s). Available from: URL

POPE, F. 2009. Losing Nemo: is there time to save the seas? Times [online]. 3 December [Accessed 4 March 2010]. Available from: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/eureka/article6933689.ece

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CARTOONIST. Year. Title of cartoon. Newspaper title. Date, Page.

BELL, S. 2006. The alleged al-Qaida threat to Los Angeles. Guardian. 10 February, p.29.

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ARTIST. Year. Title. Material type. At: Place: holding institution, department (if applicable).

VAN GOGH, V. 1888. Sunflowers. Oil on canvas. At: London: National Gallery.

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GREAT BRITAIN. Year. Title. Chapter. Place of publication: Publisher.

GREAT BRITAIN. 1999. Access to justice act 1999. Chapter 22. London: The Stationery Office.

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This information is found on the title page of the patent (originator refers to the Inventor/Applicant).

NAME OF ORIGINATOR. Year. Title of patent document. Patent code. Patent number.

PHILIP MORRIS INC. 1981. Optical perforating apparatus and system. European patent application 0021165 A1. 1981-01-07.

How to cite this

See Journal.

ORIGINATOR (sender/speaker/author). Year. Medium. Receiver of communication, Day/month of communication.

SMITH, A. 2007. Conversation with Robert Jones, 24 January.
SMITH, A. 2007. Email to Robert Jones, 7 May.
SMITH, A. 2007. Letter to Robert Jones, 16 November.

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AUTHOR. Year. Title [online]. [Date Accessed]. Available from: URL [Podcast].

LEEDS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. 2007. Brotherton Library guide [online]. [Accessed 21 January 2008]. Available from: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/podcasts [Podcast].

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ORGANISATION. Year. Title [online]. [Date Accessed]. Available from: URL [Press release].

NSPCC. 2009. NSPCC calls for better support for child witnesses [online]. [Accessed 18 May 2009]. Available from: http://www.nspcc.org.uk [Press release].

How to cite this

See book.

See book (electronic).

US SENATE. Committee. Year. Title. (Report number). Place of publication: Publisher.

US SENATE. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. 1995. Franklin D. Roosevelt's family lands: report together with minority views (to accompany s. 134). (S. Rpt. 104-32). Washington: Government Printing Office.

How to cite this

See Journal.

ORIGINATOR. Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Ref No. Sound type medium. Length.

THE COASTERS. 1958. Sorry but I'm gonna [sic] have to pass. New York: WEA International Inc. A4591C. Stereo Audiocassette. 3 min.

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This information is found on the title page of the standard:
AUTHOR OF STANDARD. Year. Standard Number: Year. Title of standard. Place of publication: Publisher.

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. 1990. BS5605: 1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes: BSI.

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COMPANY/PRODUCT. Year produced. Description of advert (duration). Television advertisement, channel. Screened dates.

COCA COLA. 2006. Santa handing bottles of coke to a girl every year at Christmas until she turns into a woman (30 secs). Television advertisement, ITV3. Screened 01/12/2006-25/12/2006.

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Individual programme

Title. Date. Transmitting organisation/channel. Time of transmission.

News at ten. 2010. ITV. 27 Jan. 22:00.

The Archers. 2011. BBC Radio 4. 1 Sept. 19:00.

Series

Series title and number and title of episode. Date. Transmitting organisation/channel. Time of transmission.

Desperate housewives, Episode 16, Crime doesn't pay. 2009. Channel 4. 8 April 22.00 hrs.

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FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title, director, theatre: theatre company. First performance: Date performance started.

SHAKESPEARE, W. 1989. Pericles, Prince of Tyre, dir. David THACKER, The Swan in Stratford-upon-Avon: Royal Shakespeare Company. First performance: 6 September.

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Use the title page of the thesis:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Type of qualification, academic institution.

DANG, V.A. 2007. Three essays in financial economics. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds.

How to cite this

You should reference exactly what you read, so if you read a translation, you should reference the translated version. There is no need to mention that it is a translation, or name the translator - it will be obvious from your reference which language you read it in.  

Reference the exact text used, in the same format (eg book, journal article) as you would reference English language material.

For example:

FOUCAULT, M. 2002. The archaeology of knowledge. London: Routledge

See also: Foreign language material

How to cite this

If unsure of the date, make a sensible guess and use a question mark:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Unpublished.

FENDELL, R. 1985? Training and management for primary healthcare. Unpublished.

How to cite this

See Film or video.

See YouTube video.

Take the information from the webpage itself or the associated homepage:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title (of webpage or website homepage)[online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

HAWKING, S. 2000. Professor Stephen Hawking's website [online]. [Accessed 9 February 2009]. Available from: http://www.hawking.org.uk/home/hindex.html

See also: Common issues - long URLs

How to cite this

WIKI NAME. Year. Title of article [online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

WIKIPEDIA. 2007. Socrates [online]. [Accessed 23 January 2007]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socrates action=history

How to cite this

See book or book (electronic).

SCREEN NAME. Year. Title [online]. [Date Accessed]. Available from: URL

LEELEFEVER. 2008. Twitter in plain English [online]. [Accessed 22 November 2011]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddO9idmax0o.

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