When to include page numbers (e-books)

You should include page numbers in your citation if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.

Example:

"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 2017, p.24).

When referencing a single page, you should use p. For a range of pages, use pp.

Example:

p.7 or pp.20-29.

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.

Example:

(Amis, 1958, iv)

If there are no page numbers, include chapter, section and paragraph number, if available, following the format given in the example below:

Example:

(Smith, 2013, Chapter 2, Section 1, para. 8)

Sometimes there may only be limited information available, such as the chapter number. If that is the case, just include the information that is available to you:

Example:

(Smith, 2013, Chapter 2)

If none of this information is available, use (no pagination):

Example:

(Smith, 2008, no pagination)