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Leeds Harvard: Module lecture and materials

Reference examples

Not all lecturers are happy for you to cite directly from lectures, so it is good practice to check this with your tutor. If the lecturer is drawing from a published source, you should find that source for use in your own work (you can always ask for reading suggestions if you like an idea).

Lecture

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the lecturer). Year. Lecture title. MODULE CODE Title of module. Date, teaching organisation.

Example:

Voltmer, K. 2006. Politicians and the press: models of interaction. COMM5610 Politics and the Media. 17 April, University of Leeds.

Lecture handouts

Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Lecture title. Lecture notes distributed in MODULE CODE Title of module. Date, teaching organisation.

Example:

Voltmer, K. 2006. Politicians and the press: models of interaction. Lecture notes distributed in COMM5610 Politics and the Media. 17 April, University of Leeds.

Module materials accessed in Minerva

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the lecturer). Year. Title. [Format accessed through Minerva, eg PowerPoint presentation]. MODULE CODE Title of module. Teaching organisation.

Example:

Voltmer, K. 2006. Politicians and the press: models of interaction. [PowerPoint presentation accessed through Minerva]. COMM5610 Politics and the Media. University of Leeds.

Citation examples

Author and date

When the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the author’s name and the year of publication in brackets.

Example:

It was emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent (Jones, 2017).

If you have already named the author in the text, only the publication year needs to be mentioned in brackets.

Example:

Jones (2017) emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent.

Three or more authors

If a source has three or more authors, the name of the first author should be given, followed by the phrase "et al."

Examples

It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones et al., 2017).

Jones et al. (2017) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.

Ibid.

Leeds Harvard does not use ibid to refer to previously cited items. If you are citing the same item twice in a row (i.e. you do not cite any other items in the text between the two citations) you must write the full citation again. 

The key principle of referencing is that the reader should understand which information came from another source and which is your own idea, so you should provide citations as often as is necessary to make this clear. 
If you feel that you are citing the same source too many times in one paragraph, you could change the way that you are writing:

  • You could include the author’s surname or pronoun in the sentence, to show you are still referring to the same source.
  • You could include a second source to make your paragraph feel less repetitive and add further support to the point you want to make. See our guidance on incorporating evidence into your writing.

Example:

Jones et al. (2017) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent and argued that referencing is a key part of academic integrity. Furthermore, having a broad range of references in a text is an indicator of the breadth of a scholar's reading and research (Jones et al., 2017). They also suggested that…

 

Corporate author

If the item is produced by an organisation, treat the organisation as a "corporate author". This means you can use the name of the organisation instead of that of an individual author. This includes government departments, universities or companies. Cite the corporate author in the text the same way as you would an individual author.

Example:

According to a recent report, flu jabs are as important as travel vaccines (Department of Health, 2017).
 

When to include page numbers

You should include page numbers in your citation if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.

Example:

"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 2017, p.24).

When referencing a single page, you should use p. For a range of pages, use pp.

Example:

p.7 or pp.20-29.

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.

Example:

(Amis, 1958, iv)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you: