Skip to main content
  1. Library
  2. Study and research support
  3. Referencing
  4. Leeds Numeric referencing examples
  5. Advertisement

Leeds Numeric: Advertisement

Reference examples

Billboard/bus shelter

Company/Product. Title of advert (if known). [Advert]. [Date viewed]. Location, City, Country, Year.

Example:
National Lottery. Win £10,000 every month. [Advert]. [Viewed 2 September 2019]. Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK, 2019.

Print i.e. in a magazine, journal or newspaper

Company/Product. Title of advert (if known). [Advert]. Newspaper/Magazine/Journal title. Date (if newspaper/magazine advert), Year, Volume(issue number) (if journal), page numbers.

Example:
EE. Save £120 on the Huawei P30 Pro. [Advert]. The Guardian. 4 September, 2019, p.12.

Online on a webpage

Company/Product. Title of advert (if known). [Advert]. [Online]. Year. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Example:
Anthropologie. [Advert]. [Online]. 2019. [Accessed 10 July 2019]. Available from: https://cat.nl.eu.criteo.com/

Radio

Company/Product. Title of advert (if known). [Advert]. Transmitting organisation/channel. Full date, time of transmission.

Example:
Highways Agency. Space invaders. [Advert]. Capital FM. 20 October 2018, 08:40.

Television

Company/Product. Title of advert (if known) or brief description (duration). [Advert]. Transmitting organisation/channel. Full date, time of transmission.

Example:
Coca Cola. Santa handing bottles of coke to a girl every year at Christmas until she turns into a woman (30 secs). [Advert]. ITV3. 5 December 2006, 21:20.

Video (online) e.g. YouTube

To obtain the URL for an advert on YouTube, right-click on the video to copy the URL and paste it into a new window (or into a document).

Company/Product. Title of advert (if known). [Advert]. [Online]. Year. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Example:
StubHub International. Tennis has never been closer. Get your tennis tickets at StubHub. [Advert]. [Online]. 2019. [Accessed 10 July 2019]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoPcum-TeN8&feature=youtu.be

Citation examples

Standard citation

Every citation should be labelled within your text by using a number in brackets (1).
You should insert the citation number directly after a source is referred to in your text, even if this is in the middle of your sentence. It is acceptable to place a citation number at the end of a paragraph, if the entire paragraph is referring to the same source.

Examples:
Aitchison (1) suggests that language change is inevitable, but not a bad thing.
One leading expert suggests that language change is inevitable, but is not a bad thing (1).

The first item you cite is allocated number 1, the second item is allocated number 2, and so on throughout your piece of work.

Once a source has been allocated a number, this number is used again if you refer to the same source at a later point in your work.

If you use the name of the author(s) of a souce within the text and there are three or more authors for the source, then the name of the first author shoule be given, followed by the phrase "et al.".

Example:

Southgate et al. (1) emphasised that references should be presented in a consistent manner.

When to include page numbers

You should include page numbers if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.

Example:

"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (1, p.24).

When referencing a single page, you should use p.

For a range of pages, use pp.

Example:

p.7 or pp.20-29.

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.

Example:

(5, iv)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Numeric you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Numeric.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you: