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Leeds Numeric: Conference paper or conference proceedings

Reference examples

If the conference paper is published in a journal, you should reference it as a journal article. If the proceedings have been published as a book, you should reference them following the guidance on this page.

The publisher of conference proceedings can usually be located either within the first couple of pages or the last page of the publication.  The publisher is often the organisation holding the conference. You may need to look at the organisation’s website to find out where their office is, which you will use as the place of publication. 

Print

Family name, INITIAL(S). Title of paper. In: Family name, INITIAL(S) (of editor if known). ed. Title of conference proceedings, date of conference, location of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, year, page number(s).

Example:

Robertson, J. The economics of local recovery. In: The other economic summit, 17/18 April 1986, Tokyo. London: The Other Economic Summit, 1986, pp.5-10.

Online

Family name, INITIAL(S). Title of paper. In: Family name, INITIAL(S) (of editor if known). ed. Title of conference proceedings, date of conference, location of conference. [Online]. Place of publication: Publisher, year, page number(s). [Date accessed]. Available from: DOI (or URL if no DOI available)

Example:

Bonacin, R., Nabuca, O.F., and Pierozzi, I. Modeling the impacts of agriculture on water resources: semantic interoperability issues. In: Reddy, S.M. ed. 23rd IEEE International WETICE Conference, 23-25 June 2014, Parma. [Online]. Los Alamitos: CPS, 2014, pp.447-452. [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/WETICE.2014.17

Citation examples

Standard citation

Every citation should be labelled within your text by using a number in brackets (1).
You should insert the citation number directly after a source is referred to in your text, even if this is in the middle of your sentence. It is acceptable to place a citation number at the end of a paragraph, if the entire paragraph is referring to the same source.

Examples:
Aitchison (1) suggests that language change is inevitable, but not a bad thing.
One leading expert suggests that language change is inevitable, but is not a bad thing (1).

The first item you cite is allocated number 1, the second item is allocated number 2, and so on throughout your piece of work.

Once a source has been allocated a number, this number is used again if you refer to the same source at a later point in your work.

If you use the name of the author(s) of a souce within the text and there are three or more authors for the source, then the name of the first author shoule be given, followed by the phrase "et al.".

Example:

Southgate et al. (1) emphasised that references should be presented in a consistent manner.

When to include page numbers

You should include page numbers if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.

Example:

"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (1, p.24).

When referencing a single page, you should use p.

For a range of pages, use pp.

Example:

p.7 or pp.20-29.

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.

Example:

(5, iv)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Numeric you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Numeric.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you: