Leeds Numeric: Journal article

Reference examples

Include the full title of the journal in your reference. Abbreviated titles are not used in the Leeds Numeric style.

Use p. to reference a single page, and pp. for a range of pages.

If you are referencing a journal article which you have read online (on a website or as a PDF), you do not nedd to include [Online], the URL or the access date in your reference. This is different from all other online items.

One author

Family name, INITIAL(S). Title of article. Journal Title. Year, Volume(issue number), page numbers.

Example:
Pajunen, K. Institutions and inflows of foreign direct investment: a fuzzy-set analysis. Journal of International Business Studies. 2008, 39(4), pp.652-669.

Two authors

Family name, INITIAL(S) and Family name, INITIAL(S). Title of article. Journal Title. Year, Volume(issue number), page numbers.

Example:
Gencturk, B. and Hosseini, F. Evaluation of reinforced concrete and reinforced engineered cementitious composite (EGC) members and structures using small-scale testing. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. 2015, 42(3), pp.164-177.

More than two authors

Family name, INITIAL(S), Family name, INITIAL(S), Family name, INITIAL(S) and Family name, INITIAL(S). Title of article. Journal Title. Year, Volume(issue number), page numbers.

Example:
MacNaughton, S.J., Stephen, J.R., Venosa, A.D. and Chang, Y.J. Microbial population changes during bioremediation of an experimental oil spill. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999, 65(8), pp.3566-3574.

Articles that use article numbers

Family name, INITIAL(S). Title of article. Journal Title. Year, Volume, article no: article number [no pagination].

Example:
Chou, C.L., Teherani, A., Masters, D.E., Vener, M., Wamsley, M. and Poncelet, A. Workplace learning through peer groups in medical school clerkships. Medical Education Online. 2014, 19, article no: 25809 [no pagination].

Articles published in supplements

Some journals publish “supplements”, which are occasional extra issues of a volume which fall outside the normal publishing schedule. These are usually indicated by a different issue number eg “S1” or “Supp”, and may have different page numbers eg “S1-S24” or “E335-E400”. There could be more than one supplement in one volume of a journal.

Family name, INITIAL(S). Title of article. Journal Title. Year, Volume(Supp. number if more than one), page numbers.

Example:
Ruth, B.J. and Marshall, J.W. A history of social work in public health. American Journal of Public Health. 2017, 107(Supp. 3), pp. S236-S242.

Pre-print and post-print articles

A pre-print is an journal article that has not yet undergone peer review. A post-print is an article that has been peer reviewed in preparation for publication in a journal. You will often find these articles in online repositories or archives.

Pre-print article
Family name, INITIAL(S). [Pre-print]. Title of article. Journal Title. Year written.

Example:
Grachev, A.A., Leo, L.S., Di Sabatino, S., Fernando, H.J.S., Pardyjak, E.R. and Fairall, C.W. [Pre-print]. Structure of turbulence in katabatic flows below and above the wind-speed maximum. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 2014.

Post-print article
Family name, INITIAL(S). [Post-print]. Title of article. Journal Title. Year written.

Example:
Almukhtar, A., Khambay, B.S., Ayoub, A., Ju, X., Al-Hiyali, A., Macdonald, J., Jabar, N. and Goto, T. [Post-print]. "Direct DICOM slice landmarking" A novel research technique to quantify skeletal changes in orthognathic surgery. PLoS One. 2015.

Citation examples

Standard citation

Every citation should be labelled within your text by using a number in brackets (1).
You should insert the citation number directly after a source is referred to in your text, even if this is in the middle of your sentence. It is acceptable to place a citation number at the end of a paragraph, if the entire paragraph is referring to the same source.

Examples:
Aitchison (1) suggests that language change is inevitable, but not a bad thing.
One leading expert suggests that language change is inevitable, but is not a bad thing (1).

The first item you cite is allocated number 1, the second item is allocated number 2, and so on throughout your piece of work.

Once a source has been allocated a number, this number is used again if you refer to the same source at a later point in your work.

If you use the name of the author(s) of a souce within the text and there are three or more authors for the source, then the name of the first author shoule be given, followed by the phrase "et al.".

Example:

Southgate et al. (1) emphasised that references should be presented in a consistent manner.

When to include page numbers

You should include page numbers if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.

Example:

"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (1, p.24).

When referencing a single page, you should use p.

For a range of pages, use pp.

Example:

p.7 or pp.20-29.

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.

Example:

(5, iv)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Numeric you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Numeric.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you: