Leeds Numeric: Speech

Reference examples

Live speech

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the speaker). Title of speech. Location of speech, date and year of speech.

Example:

Obama, B. A more perfect union. National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia, 18 March 2008.

Recording of a speech viewed online

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the speaker). Title of speech. [Online]. Location of speech, date and year of speech. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Example:

Obama, B. A more perfect union. [Online]. National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia, 18 March 2008. [Accessed 10 June 2017]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHuDLM-xiBo

Broadcast of a speech on television or radio

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the speaker). Title of speech. Location of speech, date and year of speech. Title of programme. Transmitting organisation/channel. Date of original transmission.

Example:

Obama, B. A more perfect union. National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia, 18 March 2008. Newsnight. BBC. 1 September 2008.

Transcript of a speech

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of speaker). Year of speech. Title of speech. In: Family name, INITIAL(S) (of editor). ed(s). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, year, page numbers.

Example:

Clinton, H. 2011. Strength in resilience. In: Wilson, H. ed. Representative American speeches 2011-2012.Ipswich, MA.: H.W. Wilson, 2012, pp.97-100.

Transcript of a speech (online)

Reference this in the same way as you would any other webpage.

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of speaker). Title. [Online]. Year of speech. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Example:

Olusoga, D. David Olusoga: MacTaggart lecture in full. [Online]. 2020. [Accessed 14 May 2021]. Available from: https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/david-olusoga-mactaggart-lecture-in-full/5152544.article

Citation examples

Standard citation

Every citation should be labelled within your text by using a number in brackets (1).
You should insert the citation number directly after a source is referred to in your text, even if this is in the middle of your sentence. It is acceptable to place a citation number at the end of a paragraph, if the entire paragraph is referring to the same source.

Examples:
Aitchison (1) suggests that language change is inevitable, but not a bad thing.
One leading expert suggests that language change is inevitable, but is not a bad thing (1).

The first item you cite is allocated number 1, the second item is allocated number 2, and so on throughout your piece of work.

Once a source has been allocated a number, this number is used again if you refer to the same source at a later point in your work.

If you use the name of the author(s) of a souce within the text and there are three or more authors for the source, then the name of the first author shoule be given, followed by the phrase "et al.".

Example:

Southgate et al. (1) emphasised that references should be presented in a consistent manner.

When to include page numbers

You should include page numbers if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.

Example:

"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (1, p.24).

When referencing a single page, you should use p.

For a range of pages, use pp.

Example:

p.7 or pp.20-29.

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.

Example:

(5, iv)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Numeric you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Numeric.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you: