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Leeds Numeric: X (formerly Twitter)

Reference examples

Use the full text of the tweet as its title. If a tweet is longer than 20 words, write the first 20 words and then use […] to indicate that extra words have been omitted.

Family name, INITIAL(S) (or organisation). First 20 words of tweet. [X]. Date tweet posted. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Examples:
Dougill, A. Energising development with Jatropha curcas? Biofuel reflections from Mali in @PracticalAction briefing paper. [X]. 16 April 2013. [Accessed 26 July 2013]. Available from: https://twitter.com/AndyDougill/status/324081303874052096

Guardian. North Korea warns UK faces 'miserable end' if it joins US-led military drills. [X]. 25  August 2017. [Accessed 25 August 2017]. Available from: https://twitter.com/guardian/status/900983881729552384

Guardian. During a meeting with the secretary general of Nato, Donald Trump called for the media to look into the ‘oranges’ […]. [X]. 2 April 2019. [Accessed 5 April 2019]. Available from: https://twitter.com/guardian/status/1113239919441235969
 

Citation examples

Standard citation

Every citation should be labelled within your text by using a number in brackets (1).
You should insert the citation number directly after a source is referred to in your text, even if this is in the middle of your sentence. It is acceptable to place a citation number at the end of a paragraph, if the entire paragraph is referring to the same source.

Examples:
Aitchison (1) suggests that language change is inevitable, but not a bad thing.
One leading expert suggests that language change is inevitable, but is not a bad thing (1).

The first item you cite is allocated number 1, the second item is allocated number 2, and so on throughout your piece of work.

Once a source has been allocated a number, this number is used again if you refer to the same source at a later point in your work.

If you use the name of the author(s) of a souce within the text and there are three or more authors for the source, then the name of the first author shoule be given, followed by the phrase "et al.".

Example:

Southgate et al. (1) emphasised that references should be presented in a consistent manner.

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Numeric you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Numeric.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you: