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Journal article

Include the full title of the journal in your reference. Abbreviated titles are not used in the Leeds Harvard style.

Use p. to reference a single page, and pp. for a range of pages.

If you are referencing a journal article which you have read online (on a website or as a PDF), you should include [online], the DOI if available (or the URL if no DOI is available), and the access date in your reference. DOIs can be identified as a long code starting with “10.” and should be presented in your reference as a link, as shown in the examples on this page. This advice was updated in September 2024.

One author

Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. Volume(issue number), page numbers. [Date accessed]. Available from: DOI (or URL if no DOI available)

Example:
Pajunen, K. 2008. Institutions and inflows of foreign direct investment: a fuzzy-set analysis. Journal of International Business Studies. [Online]. 39(4), pp.652-669. [Accessed 3 April 2024]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400371

Two authors

Family name, INITIAL(S) and Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. Volume(issue number), page numbers. [Date accessed]. Available from: DOI (or URL if no DOI available)

Example:
Gencturk, B. and Hosseini, F. 2015. Evaluation of reinforced concrete and reinforced engineered cementitious composite (ECC) members and structures using small-scale testing. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. [Online]. 42(3), pp.164-177. [Accessed 4 September 2024]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0445  

More than two authors

Family name, INITIAL(S), Family name, INITIAL(S), Family name, INITIAL(S) and Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. Volume(issue number), page numbers. [Date accessed]. Available from: DOI (or URL if no DOI available)

Example:
MacNaughton, S.J., Stephen, J.R., Venosa, A.D., Davis, G.A., Chang, Y.J. and White, D.C. 1999. Microbial population changes during bioremediation of an experimental oil spill. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. [Online]. 65(8), pp.3566-3574. [Accessed 4 September 2024]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.8.3566-3574.1999 

Articles that use article numbers

Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. Volume, article no: article number [no pagination]. [Date accessed]. Available from: DOI (or URL if no DOI available) 

Example:
Chou, C.L., Teherani, A., Masters, D.E., Vener, M., Wamsley, M. and Poncelet, A. 2014. Workplace learning through peer groups in medical school clerkships. Medical Education Online. [Online]. 19, article no: 25809 [no pagination]. [Accessed 4 September 2024]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v19.25809 

Articles published in supplements

Some journals publish “supplements”, which are occasional extra issues of a volume which fall outside the normal publishing schedule. These are usually indicated by a different issue number eg “S1” or “Supp”, and may have different page numbers eg “S1-S24” or “E335-E400”. There could be more than one supplement in one volume of a journal.

Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. Volume(Supp. number if more than one), page numbers. [Date accessed]. Available from: DOI (or URL if no DOI available)

Example:
Ruth, B.J. and Marshall, J.W. 2017. A history of social work in public health. American Journal of Public Health. [Online]. 107(Supp. 3), pp. S236-S242. [Accessed 4 September 2024]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304005 

Pre-print and post-print articles

A pre-print is an journal article that has not yet undergone peer review. A post-print is also known as an “accepted author manuscript” and is an article that has been peer reviewed and accepted by the publisher, but not yet published in a journal. You will often find these articles in online repositories or archives.

Pre-print article
Family name, INITIAL(S). Year written. [Pre-print]. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: DOI (or URL if no DOI available) 

Example:
Grachev, A.A., Leo, L.S., Di Sabatino, S., Fernando, H.J.S., Pardyjak, E.R. and Fairall, C.W. 2014. [Pre-print]. Structure of turbulence in katabatic flows below and above the wind-speed maximum. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. [Online]. [Accessed 4 September 2024]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1501.02297 

Post-print article
Family name, INITIAL(S). Year written. [Post-print]. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: DOI (or URL if no DOI available) 

Example:Morin, E. 2024. [Post-print]. Draperies and reveries: W.B. Yeats and the aesthetic of the background. Modern Drama. [Online]. [Accessed 4 September 2024]. Available from: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/216802/