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Leeds Numeric: Foreign language material

Reference examples

Reference the exact text used, in the same style as you would reference English language material. For example, for a foreign language book, use the following template:

Family name, INITIAL(S). Title. Place of publication: Publisher, year.

Example:

Foucault, M. L'archéologie du savoir. Paris: NRF/Gallimard, 1971.

Non-Latin characters e.g. Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic etc

When referencing foreign language material where the information is written in non-Latin characters e.g. Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, etc (not including Chinese, Japanese,  Korean, or Thai), you should transliterate (not translate) the details into the English alphabet. You only need to put the transliteration in your reference list.

Example:

The original: Набоков, В. Комментарии к «Евгению Онегину» Александра Пушкина. москва: нпк, 1999.

Your reference: Nabokov, V. Kommentarii k ‘Evgeniiu Oneginu’ Aleksandra Pushkina. Moscow: NPK, 1999.

Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Thai

When referencing foreign language material where the information is written in Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Thai, you should transliterate (not translate) the details into the English alphabet, and include the original author names and the title of the source as the example shows.

Example:

The original: 严曜中《江南佛教史》上海人民出版社 2000.

Your reference: Yan, Y. 严曜中. Jiangnan fo jiao shi 江南佛教史. Shanghai: Shanghai ren min chu ban she, 2000.

See also Translated material

Citation examples

Standard citation

Every citation should be labelled within your text by using a number in brackets (1).
You should insert the citation number directly after a source is referred to in your text, even if this is in the middle of your sentence. It is acceptable to place a citation number at the end of a paragraph, if the entire paragraph is referring to the same source.

Examples:
Aitchison (1) suggests that language change is inevitable, but not a bad thing.
One leading expert suggests that language change is inevitable, but is not a bad thing (1).

The first item you cite is allocated number 1, the second item is allocated number 2, and so on throughout your piece of work.

Once a source has been allocated a number, this number is used again if you refer to the same source at a later point in your work.

If you use the name of the author(s) of a souce within the text and there are three or more authors for the source, then the name of the first author shoule be given, followed by the phrase "et al.".

Example:

Southgate et al. (1) emphasised that references should be presented in a consistent manner.

When to include page numbers

You should include page numbers if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.

Example:

"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (1, p.24).

When referencing a single page, you should use p.

For a range of pages, use pp.

Example:

p.7 or pp.20-29.

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.

Example:

(5, iv)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Numeric you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Numeric.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you: